ΕλληνικάGreek companies that sell abroad often need their foreign buyers, partners and inspectors to come to Greece: to examine goods, visit production sites, negotiate terms and sign contracts. Where the visitors are nationals of countries whose citizens need a visa, that visit depends on a decision of a Greek consulate or embassy. This article explains what Greek and European Union law require of a Greek consular authority when it decides on a short-stay visa for a business visit. It also covers what the inviting Greek company and the foreign applicants can do when applications are refused, repeatedly or without a clear reason, and when the State may be liable to pay compensation.
In short, the consulate has a wide margin of appreciation in assessing the facts, but not an unlimited power. It may refuse only on the grounds listed in the European Union Visa Code. It must examine each application individually and give reasons. The refusal can be challenged by the applicant, and a court must be able to review it at some stage. A company that suffers a proven loss from an unlawful refusal may, in principle, claim damages from the Greek State. Such a claim depends on strict conditions of illegality, protected interest, quantified loss and causation, and it requires careful evidence from the outset.
The legal framework
A visa for a business visit of up to 90 days in any 180-day period is a short-stay “Schengen” visa (type C). It is governed first by Regulation (EC) No 810/2009, the European Union Visa Code, as amended. When a Greek consulate decides on such a visa, it exercises public power within the scope of European Union law, so European Union rules and fundamental rights apply alongside Greek administrative law.
| Rule | What it requires |
| Visa Code, art. 9(2) | An appointment should, as a rule, be available within two weeks of the request |
| Visa Code, arts 14 and 21 and Annex II | Examination of the purpose of the journey, the conditions of stay, sufficient means and the intention to leave before the visa expires |
| Visa Code, art. 21(9) | A previous refusal does not lead automatically to a new refusal; each new application is assessed on its own merits |
| Visa Code, art. 23 | A decision within 15 calendar days of an admissible application, extendable to 45 days in individual cases needing further scrutiny |
| Visa Code, art. 32 | Refusal only on the listed grounds, notified on the standard form with reasons and information on the remedy |
| Visa Code, art. 43 | An external service provider may collect applications and book appointments, but the consulate alone examines the application and decides |
| Law 5038/2023 (Greek Immigration Code), art. 7(4) | As a general rule, a consular refusal must be reasoned |
| Law 5038/2023, art. 7(8)–(10) | A special business invitation, with the inviting party guaranteeing the stay or hosting the visitor, and priority for the interview within two working days for persons within the scheme |
| Joint Ministerial Decision 44741/2025 (Government Gazette B’ 4472, 20 August 2025) | The form and supporting documents for that special invitation, the inviting party’s solvency and a specific duty to give reasons |
| Administrative Procedure Code (Law 2690/1999), arts 7 and 17 | Impartial decision-making, and reasons that are clear, specific, sufficient and based on the file |
The Greek Constitution adds the protection of participation in economic life (Article 5(1)), the right to a reasoned reply to a written petition (Article 10), judicial protection (Article 20(1)) and proportionality (Article 25(1)). The European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights protects the freedom to conduct a business (Article 16) and the right to an effective remedy (Article 47). The Charter binds Greece when it applies the Visa Code (Article 51(1)), and any limitation must respect Article 52(1).
What the consulate examines, and why a business invitation is not enough on its own
The consulate assesses the applicant, not only the inviting company. A genuine commercial invitation is important evidence of the purpose of the trip. The authority must still be satisfied about the applicant’s identity and documents, means of subsistence, travel medical insurance and intention to leave the Schengen area before the visa expires.
The legal question in a refusal is how the authority connects the specific facts in the file to a refusal ground in the Visa Code. A refusal based on a general reference to “doubts”, with no verifiable basis in the file, raises a different legal problem from a reasoned finding that a document was false or that there was a real risk the applicant would not leave. Article 21(9) of the Visa Code also forbids an automatic repetition of a refusal simply because an earlier application was refused.
The authority must also act impartially. If it could be proven that applications were refused because of a personal dispute with the inviting party, rather than after an examination of the legal conditions, that would raise an issue of breach of the duty of impartiality (Article 7 of the Administrative Procedure Code) and of misuse of administrative power for a purpose other than the one the law serves. Such a claim needs specific evidence: dates, comparable cases and authentic correspondence. Suspicion alone, however understandable after repeated difficulties, is not enough.
Appointments, timing and external providers
Several distinct moments must be kept apart:
- the request for an appointment;
- the sending of the business invitation;
- the submission of a complete, admissible application;
- the interview, if any;
- the decision and its notification.
The time that passes after the inviting company sends an invitation is not the same as the legal examination period, which starts only when an admissible application is lodged.
| Stage | Legal rule or practical indication |
| Appointment | As a rule within two weeks of the request (Visa Code, art. 9(2)) |
| Interview under the special Greek business invitation | Priority, within two working days, for persons within that scheme (Law 5038/2023, art. 7(9)) |
| Decision | 15 calendar days from an admissible application; up to 45 days in individual cases (Visa Code, art. 23) |
| Collection of documents and booking | Depends on the applicant and the local service; not a legal deadline |
Many Greek missions use an external service provider to receive applications and book appointments. The provider checks that the file is complete, but it does not decide. The decision on the merits remains with the consulate (Visa Code, art. 43(4)). Being able to submit a file through the provider is not a pre-approval. Equally, using a private provider does not turn a public decision into a private matter. When something goes wrong, it matters which body took each step and at what stage the problem arose. Limited access to appointment slots becomes legally significant when, in practice, it makes the submission of applications unavailable or selective without an objective reason.
The special Greek business invitation
Greek law provides a special route for business visits in which the inviting party in Greece takes responsibility for the stay or hosts the visitor, because the visitor cannot prove some conditions alone. It is set out in Article 7(8)–(10) of Law 5038/2023 and Joint Ministerial Decision 44741/2025.
| Element | Content |
| Invitation form | The official form identifies the inviting party and the applicant, the business purpose, the duration and the hosting arrangements, with tax, corporate and financial details (JMD 44741/2025, art. 1) |
| Solvency of the inviting party | Assessed from income or, for a legal entity, an annual turnover above €100,000, taking into account the last two years’ financial data and activity (JMD art. 2) |
| Duty to give reasons | A refusal must give specific reasons when it assesses the reliability of the inviting party (JMD art. 2(2)) |
| Priority | Persons within the scheme have priority for the interview within two working days (Law 5038/2023, art. 7(9)) |
The €100,000 turnover threshold applies to this specific guarantee or hosting scheme. It is not a general minimum turnover for any business that wishes to invite a buyer. An ordinary letter of commercial invitation does not by itself trigger the special priority and guarantees. The inviting company should therefore decide in advance which route it is using and prepare the file for that route.
The procedure for a Greek company inviting a foreign delegation
- Define the visit and its purpose. The inviting company sets out who is coming, why, for how long, where they will stay and what will happen during the visit: inspection, negotiation, signature or training. A specific programme is far stronger evidence than a general statement of interest.
- Choose the invitation route. The company decides whether it is issuing an ordinary commercial invitation or using the special invitation with guarantee or hosting under Law 5038/2023. For the special route, it checks that it meets the solvency criteria of JMD 44741/2025 and completes the official form.
- Prepare the company’s file. The company gathers its own evidence: corporate registration, tax details, proof of representation, and evidence of the business relationship with each visitor, such as correspondence, offers, orders and previous transactions.
- The applicants prepare their files. Each visitor prepares their own application with the Visa Code documents: passport, photographs, travel medical insurance, proof of means, accommodation and evidence of their own business position. Inconsistencies between the company’s invitation and the applicant’s documents are a common reason for doubts.
- Book and submit. Each applicant requests an appointment, through the external provider where the mission uses one, and submits a complete application. All dates and references should be recorded.
- The consulate decides within the Visa Code time limits. If a visa is issued, the visit takes place within its validity and permitted stay.
- If refused, act on the written decision. The applicant should obtain the full refusal form, record the date it was notified and check the grounds ticked and any further reasoning. The response depends on those grounds; see the section on remedies below.
Documents
| Document | Purpose | Points to note |
| Invitation from the Greek company (ordinary letter or official special form) | Proves the business purpose and, for the special route, the guarantee or hosting | Must match the applicant’s documents in names, dates and purpose |
| Company registration, tax registration and proof of representation | Identifies the inviting company and who signs for it | Recent extracts |
| Financial data of the inviting company | Required for the special route (solvency) | Turnover and the last two years’ financial statements |
| Evidence of the business relationship | Shows the visit is genuine and concrete | Correspondence, offers, orders, previous invoices, visit programme |
| Applicant’s passport, photographs and application form | Standard Visa Code requirements | Passport validity rules apply |
| Travel medical insurance | Mandatory for a Schengen visa | Minimum cover of €30,000, valid throughout the Schengen area |
| Applicant’s proof of means and employment or business position | Means of subsistence and intention to return | Bank statements, employer letter, company documents |
| Proof of accommodation | Conditions of stay | Hotel booking or the inviting company’s hosting statement |
Documents not in an accepted language may need certified translation, and some public documents may need an apostille or consular legalization. Applicants should check the specific mission’s requirements.
Costs paid to the State and to third parties
The costs below are the public and third-party charges of the visa procedure itself. They do not include the cost of the business trip, the commercial value of any transaction or professional legal fees. Amounts are per applicant unless stated.
Mandatory charges
| Charge | Paid to | Amount | Unit | When | Legal basis and check date |
| Schengen visa fee, adult | Greek consular authority | €90 | Per applicant aged 12 or over | On submission | Visa Code, art. 16(1), as amended by Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1415; checked 2 Nov 2026 |
| Schengen visa fee, child aged 6–11 | Greek consular authority | €45 | Per child | On submission | Visa Code, art. 16(2); checked 2 Nov 2026 |
| Schengen visa fee, child under 6 | — | No fee | Per child | — | Visa Code, art. 16(2a); checked 2 Nov 2026 |
| Travel medical insurance | Insurer | Insurer’s quotation | Per applicant | Before submission | Visa Code, art. 15 (minimum cover €30,000) |
| Photographs and copies of documents | Provider | Provider’s charge | Per applicant | Before submission | Visa Code application requirements |
The fee may be lower (for example €35) for nationals of countries that have a visa facilitation agreement with the European Union, and some categories are exempt or may receive a waiver under Article 16 of the Visa Code. Fees are usually paid in local currency at the consular exchange rate.
Possible or conditional expenses
| Expense | When it arises | Paid to | Amount | Stage |
| Service fee of the external provider | The mission collects applications through an external provider | Provider | As published by the provider; generally not more than half the visa fee (up to €45) under Visa Code art. 17(4) | On submission |
| Certified translations, apostille or legalization | A document is not in an accepted language, or must be authenticated | Translators, apostille or consular authorities | Depends on the document and issuing country | Before submission |
| Courier, travel to the application center | The applicant lives far from the center or documents must be sent | Carriers | Actual cost | Before submission |
| Repeat application and new visa fee | A new application is filed after a refusal | Greek consular authority | Visa fee again (€90 adult) | New submission |
| Court fee and stamp duties for a court challenge | An application for annulment or a damages action is filed | Greek State | Under the applicable court fee tariff, set at filing | Litigation |
| Certified economic evidence (accountant’s report, valuations) | A damages claim must quantify lost profit | Accountant or expert | Provider’s quotation | Litigation |
Remedies when a visa is refused
A refusal must be answered from the written decision, not from an informal explanation. The first steps are to obtain the full refusal form, record the date of notification and examine the grounds given. Depending on those grounds, the right response may be:
- a new and corrected application, where a document was missing, unclear or inconsistent;
- the remedy indicated on the refusal form, within the deadline stated there;
- judicial review before the competent Greek administrative court, where the refusal appears unlawful.
The Court of Justice of the European Union has confirmed that the system of remedies against a visa refusal must include, at some stage, judicial review (El Hassani, C-403/16). Court deadlines run from notification and are not suspended by correspondence with the authority, so they must be tracked from the start.
Who may challenge the refusal matters. The refusal is addressed to the applicant, so the applicant is the person primarily entitled to challenge it. The inviting Greek company has a different legal position. Its interests are economic, and whether and how it can act must be assessed separately for each remedy.
Compensation: when the Greek State may be liable
Article 105 of the Introductory Law to the Greek Civil Code is the main basis for the State’s liability for unlawful acts or omissions of its organs in the exercise of public power. Liability is objective in the sense that personal fault of the official does not, as a rule, need to be proven. A claim must establish, cumulatively:
| Condition | What must be shown |
| Unlawful act or omission | For example, a refusal on a ground not provided by law, without individual examination or without sufficient reasons, or a practice that made access selective without objective reason |
| Protected interest | The rule breached must also protect the claimant’s interest. For an inviting company, this needs specific legal analysis, because the visa applicant is a different person |
| Loss | An actual reduction of assets or a lost profit that was probable in the ordinary course of things (Civil Code, arts 297 and 298) |
| Causation | A direct link between the specific refusal and the specific loss, taking into account other factors such as price, quality, financing or a change of mind by the buyer |
The defendant is the Greek State. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its missions are organs of the State, not separate legal persons.
The company, its managing director and the foreign applicants each have their own legal position. A loss on a company transaction belongs, in principle, to the company. Damage to its commercial credit or reputation may support a claim for non-material harm (Civil Code, art. 932) if proven. A company does not suffer distress as an individual does, and a personal claim by its representative needs its own facts.
Lost profit must be proven, not assumed. The value of an offer or the turnover of a possible sale is not net lost profit. A court will expect the actual costs, the payment terms, how advanced the deal was and why it finally failed. The Athens Administrative Court of Appeal (judgment 3048/2020) awarded proven damage to a company in a different context, while rejecting a lost-profit claim that was not sufficiently documented. Article 300 of the Civil Code also requires the injured party to limit its loss where reasonably possible.
Where European Union law is breached, the Court of Justice’s conditions for State liability apply alongside Greek law (Brasserie du Pêcheur and Factortame, C-46/93 and C-48/93). These are:
- a rule intended to confer rights;
- a sufficiently serious breach;
- a direct causal link.
The annulment of a refusal does not by itself establish a right to damages.
Case law
| Decision | Holding | Relevance |
| Court of Justice of the EU, Koushkaki (C-84/12, 19 December 2013) | The refusal grounds in the Visa Code are exhaustive; national authorities keep a wide margin of appreciation in assessing the facts, including reasonable doubts about the intention to leave | Limits arbitrary or blanket refusals, but the authority’s specific doubts must be addressed seriously |
| Court of Justice of the EU, El Hassani (C-403/16, 13 December 2017) | The remedy against a visa refusal must include judicial review at some stage (Visa Code art. 32(3) with Charter art. 47) | Confirms a court can review consular refusals; concerns the applicant, not automatically the inviting company |
| Court of Justice of the EU, R.N.N.S. and K.A. (C-225/19 and C-226/19, 24 November 2020) | Where a refusal rests on another Member State’s objection, the applicant must be able to understand which State objected and why | Relevant only where such an objection exists |
| Athens Administrative Court of First Instance 410/2019 (published summary) | Insufficient reasoning about the purpose and conditions of the visit, without individual assessment in the file; reasons raised for the first time in court could not cure the defect | Example of judicial review of a Greek consular refusal |
| Athens Administrative Court of First Instance ΑΔ114/2026 (published extracts) | A family reunification visa refusal annulled because general references to contradictions were not supported by specific facts from the interview | Shows the need for reviewable, specific reasoning; different visa category |
| Athens Administrative Court of Appeal 3048/2020 | Proven company damage awarded in another context; insufficiently documented lost profit rejected | Method for State liability and proof of loss; not a visa case |
No published Greek judgment awarding damages to an exporting company for a series of business visa refusals was identified. The case law does, however, provide clear support for reviewing consular refusals and distinct bases for claiming proven loss.
What an inviting company should keep from the start
| Category | What to keep | Why |
| Company identity | Registration number, tax number, articles, proof of representation | Identifies the claimant and who may instruct |
| Chronology per visitor | Name, business, invitation, appointment request, submission, interview, decision and notification date | Links each event to a specific application |
| Applications | Copies of the application, file numbers, submission receipts and attachment lists | Shows what the authority had before it |
| Refusals | The full refusal form, any remarks, the notification message and the date received | Grounds, information on remedies and deadlines |
| Correspondence | Emails and letters with the mission, the provider and the Ministry | Access problems, responses and timing |
| Commercial evidence | Offers, orders, draft contracts, prices, costs and the reason each deal failed | Quantifies the loss and causation |
How Oikonomakis Law can assist
Oikonomakis Law advises Greek companies and foreign business visitors on business visas and on the legal consequences of consular refusals. The firm is also legal adviser to the Association of Greek Exporters, which connects its work with the practical obstacles Greek exporters face in international trade.
Specifically, the firm can:
- prepare the invitation and the company’s supporting file, including the choice between an ordinary invitation and the special guarantee or hosting route under Law 5038/2023;
- review refusal decisions and the files behind them, and advise on a new application or on the remedy against the refusal;
- represent applicants before the competent Greek administrative courts;
- assess and, where justified, bring a damages claim against the Greek State, with the evidence of loss and causation it requires.
This work brings together the firm’s administrative law, immigration and visa, European Union law, international trade, civil liability and corporate law teams. Proposed actions are agreed with the client after the actual decisions and documents have been examined.
Our offices in Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania, with their addresses and telephone numbers, are listed in the contact section below. Our global WhatsApp line, +44 20 3769 4973, serves clients in every country.
Questions and answers
Can a Greek consulate refuse a business visa even if a Greek company has invited the visitor? Yes. The invitation is important evidence, but the consulate also assesses the applicant: identity, means, insurance and intention to leave. It may refuse only on the grounds in the Visa Code, with reasons.
Does an earlier refusal mean the next application will also be refused? No. Article 21(9) of the Visa Code forbids an automatic repeat refusal based only on an earlier one. Each application must be examined on its own merits.
Who decides: the external visa centre or the consulate? The consulate. An external provider may collect applications and book appointments, but the examination and the decision belong to the consular authority.
How long should the decision take? As a rule 15 calendar days from an admissible application, extendable to 45 days in individual cases. Appointments should normally be available within two weeks.
What is the special Greek business invitation? A route under Article 7(8)–(10) of Law 5038/2023 and JMD 44741/2025 in which the inviting party guarantees the stay or hosts the visitor, using an official form, with priority for the interview. It has its own solvency criteria, such as a turnover above €100,000 for a company.
Can the inviting company challenge the refusal itself? The refusal is addressed to the applicant, who is primarily entitled to challenge it. The company’s position must be assessed separately for each remedy.
Can my company claim compensation for lost business? Possibly. A claim must prove an unlawful act, a breach of a rule that protects the company’s interest, a quantified loss and a direct causal link. Annulment of a refusal does not automatically lead to damages.
What should we do first after a refusal? Obtain the full written refusal, note the notification date, check the grounds and deadlines, and keep all applications, correspondence and commercial records together.
How much does a Schengen visa cost? €90 for adults and €45 for children aged 6 to 11; children under 6 pay no fee. External provider service fees and insurance are extra. See the cost tables above.
Contact Oikonomakis Law
If your company or your business visitors face refusals by a Greek consular authority, send us a short private description at leads@oikonomakislaw.com or on our global WhatsApp line +44 20 3769 4973. Please tell us the countries involved, how many applications were refused and when, and whether you have the written refusal decisions. To arrange a Zoom consultation, please propose a day, time and time zone, give the names and roles of the participants, and outline what you would like to discuss. Please do not post passports, identity documents or personal details in public comments.
Our offices
Oikonomakis Law has its head office in Piraeus and offices in Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania. Our global WhatsApp number, +44 20 3769 4973, serves clients in every country, including countries without a local office or local telephone line.
| Region | Country | City | Address | Telephone |
| Europe | Greece | Piraeus (head office) | 42–44 Iroon Polytechniou Avenue, 2nd floor, 185 35 | +30 210 360 0036 |
| Europe | Greece | Piraeus (second office) | 2 Kasimati Street | +30 210 360 0036 |
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| Europe | Malta | St Julian’s | Swieqi Junction, Junction Business Centre, Sqaq Lourdes, 1117 | +356 2034 1850 |
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| Asia | Singapore | Singapore | 8 Marina View, Asia Square Tower 1, 42nd and 43rd Floors, 018960 | +65 3125 8831 |
| Africa | Nigeria | Abuja | Churchgate Plaza, Tower C, 4th Floor, AO Cadastral Zone, Constitution Avenue, Central Business District, 900001 | +234 209 394 0815 |
| Africa | South Africa | Pretoria | Pegasus Building 1, Amarand Avenue, Waterkloof Glen Extension 2, 0181 | +27 12 004 1723 |
| Africa | Cameroon | Douala | Immeuble Empire Media, 1st Floor, Rue Foch Akwa, Douala Littoral, 12724 | Global WhatsApp +44 20 3769 4973 |
| Africa | Zambia | Lusaka | Sunshare Tower, 9th Floor, Stand LN 15584/1, Katrina Mulili Road, 10101 | Global WhatsApp +44 20 3769 4973 |
| Oceania | Australia | Melbourne | Melbourne Central Tower, 360 Elizabeth Street, Victoria, 3000 | +61 3 7048 0468 |
This article is general information on Greek and European Union law as checked on 2 November 2026. It is not legal advice on any individual case. Whether a refusal can be challenged, and whether compensation is available, depends on the specific decisions, documents and facts and on the law in force when you act. A professional assessment is needed before taking any step. Reading this article, or sending us an initial message, does not create a lawyer-client relationship.
Sources
No published Greek judgment awarding compensation to an exporting company for repeated business visa refusals was identified. Court decisions 410/2019 and ΑΔ114/2026 are cited from their published summary and extracts. Web sources were checked between 1 and 2 November 2026, and Greek-language originals prevail over any translation.
| Source | What it supports | Where to find it |
| Regulation (EC) No 810/2009 (Visa Code), consolidated, arts 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 23, 32 and 43 and Annexes II and VI | Grounds, examination, timing, fees, external providers, refusal form | EUR-Lex |
| Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1415 | Visa fees of €90 and €45 from 11 June 2024 | EUR-Lex |
| Law 5038/2023 (Greek Immigration Code), art. 7(4) and (8)–(10) | Reasons for consular refusal; special business invitation | National Printing House (Greek original) |
| Joint Ministerial Decision 44741/2025 (Government Gazette B’ 4472, 20 August 2025), arts 1 and 2 | Special invitation form, solvency, duty to give reasons | National Printing House (Greek original) |
| Law 2690/1999 (Administrative Procedure Code), arts 7 and 17 | Impartiality and adequate reasoning | National Printing House (Greek original) |
| Constitution of Greece, arts 5(1), 10, 20(1), 25(1) and 106(1) | Economic freedom, petition, judicial protection, proportionality | Hellenic Parliament |
| EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, arts 16, 47, 51(1) and 52(1) | Freedom to conduct a business, effective remedy, scope | EUR-Lex |
| Introductory Law to the Civil Code, art. 105; Civil Code, arts 297, 298, 300 and 932 | State liability; damages, lost profit, mitigation, non-material harm | Ministry of Justice (Greek original) |
| Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 1963, art. 5 | Consular functions, including promoting trade relations (interpretative context) | United Nations |
| CJEU, Koushkaki, C-84/12, 19 December 2013, ECLI:EU:C:2013:862 | Exhaustive refusal grounds; margin of appreciation | Curia |
| CJEU, El Hassani, C-403/16, 13 December 2017, ECLI:EU:C:2017:960 | Judicial review of visa refusals | Curia |
| CJEU, R.N.N.S. and K.A., C-225/19 and C-226/19, 24 November 2020, ECLI:EU:C:2020:951 | Refusals based on another Member State’s objection | Curia |
| CJEU, Brasserie du Pêcheur and Factortame, C-46/93 and C-48/93, 5 March 1996, ECLI:EU:C:1996:79 | State liability for breach of EU law | Curia |
| Athens Administrative Court of First Instance 410/2019 | Insufficient reasoning of a consular refusal (published summary) | Published legal summaries (Greek) |
| Athens Administrative Court of First Instance ΑΔ114/2026 | Annulment of a refusal for lack of specific reasoning (published extracts) | Published legal extracts (Greek) |
| Athens Administrative Court of Appeal 3048/2020 | State liability towards a company; proof of lost profit | Athens Bar Association legal database (Greek) |
| A. Bouzias, “Entry visas for foreign nationals”, Dimosio Dikaio 2017, pp. 188–200 | Administrative discretion, reasoning and judicial review (scholarship) | Dimosio Dikaio |
| E. Prevedourou, “The civil liability of the State” (2025) | Protected interest, illegality, loss and causation (scholarship) | prevedourou.gr |
| L. T. Lee and J. B. Quigley, Consular Law and Practice, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2008 | Consular law (recommended further reading) | Oxford Academic |
| P. Craig, EU Administrative Law, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2018 | EU administrative legality, equality and proportionality (recommended further reading) | Oxford Academic |